《最新章节全文阅读,缘分0的小说》最新章节_果冻精东九一制片厂无弹窗

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紧致H进入

王俊纶

引子：穿越狼塔线的最佳季节又到了，狼塔线（新疆户外更喜欢称其为“狼C线"，主要是为了区别于狼塔a线、狼塔b线两条相对较简单的线路的缘故吧）以其神秘的传说、绝美的风光和三高（高危险、高强度、高海拔）而蜚声全国户外界，被越来越多的驴友所追捧。由于穿越狼塔的难度已经远远超过著名的夏特古道，所以每年能有机会走狼塔线的驴友也是少之又少。这篇穿越狼c的日志，是2009年国庆节长假穿越狼c回来所作。由于新疆断网近一年，故还没有机会公开发表。我们这次穿越后，至今并没有其他的队伍再走狼c。文中所称的狼c既是狼塔线。希望这篇日志对你了解狼塔，穿越狼塔有所帮助。先上一张穿越狼塔的照片，这是在翻越3960米的蒙特开增大阪途中狼塔三险之一----空中栈道美女与狼 c2009版狼塔c线穿越攻略简介--- D3日：10月2日，晴天早9：00拔营。从马鞍山营地下降200米，来到一不知名的小河沟。这时，走在前面的“石头”和“飞翔”高兴地大呼小叫！原来，他们在沟底下，捡到了昨天被大风吹走遮阳帽和背包罩再往前走，经过一段约30米高，坡度达50度小陡坡，就来到一条较大的小河边。河水很清，沿河谷顺流向前走几十米，跨过一座简易木桥，再爬过一块档在前面的大石头，传说中的狼塔C线空中栈道就已经开始了。今天的大部分路段，将不停地在木桥—河道—空中栈道—马道之间来回穿梭切换。在狼c，这样的简易木桥对我们来说简直就是南京长江大桥呀在五、六十米高的断崖上开凿出来空中栈道，即让人兴奋刺激，更让人紧张害怕！换个角度，再来看看这段栈道栈道之间是马道连接。可是，近三分一的马道都是四十五度以上的陡坡，需要手脚并用攀爬。爬得那个累呀！更别说部分让人心惊肉跳的斜切路段了！稍有不慎，就会“驴”失前蹄，抱憾终身的。（我们就是沿右手方向横切到下面的台普西克玛河谷，这段横切坡度在45度以上，局部达到50度以上，需要格外小心）大家格外小心地穿过三段不太长的空中栈道，再爬上一个近百米的四十五度陡坡，然后斜切一个坡度四十五度长约四、五百米的碎石坡，就来到狼C路上著名的台普希克玛河谷。中午12：30到达台普希克玛河谷。简单午餐后，于1：30分出发，沿河谷一路上行。反复在简易木桥间跳跃，有几处干脆就是独木一根。队员们行走在独木桥上，练就着平衡木的功夫！到最后，连独木桥也没有了，还是换鞋淌水过河吧在这段路上，我们还捡到了2008年狼c队伍里一位队员被河水冲走的包。事故地点在老虎口，后文中还将提到。相机、头灯等还在，只是已经无法使用。台普希克玛河，是发源于狼塔的呼图壁河一条主要支流。该地的河谷狭窄，河水湍急。传说中的狼C空中栈道，绝大部分都分布这段河谷里。河谷两侧的山体极为陡峭，人工开凿出来的狭窄的空中栈道，在垂直的峭壁上盘旋而上，通过时让人心惊肉跳。空中栈道时而通向山梁，时而进入谷底，走在上面其实就是沿空中栈道在翻山越岭，体力消耗巨大。河谷里植被丰富，次生林密集。虽然错过了最美的季节，但是，此时河谷丰富的植被，亦然色彩斑斓，红、黄、绿相间。谷底的台普希克玛河水清澈透亮，印衬出一副美轮美奂的河谷风光！相信9月中旬来这里的山友应该可以欣赏到更美的台普希克玛河谷景色！美丽的台普希克玛河谷风光秀美的景色总是能让人格外的激动，有时还情不自禁会做出一些出格的事情。“高疯子”就是其中一个，经不住清澈透明的河水和两岸油画般的色彩的引诱，这位冬泳健将竟然出人意料地迅速把自己扒光，在温度只有七、八度冰河水里，来了个天体冷水浴！（照片未经本人同意请勿外传O(∩_∩)O哈哈~）吓地两位女队友“石头”和“eleven”赶紧躲得远远的，烧水做饭去了. 中午3：30分，我们来到了空中栈道上很出名的那段栈道。说它出名，是因为这段栈道被山体塌方切断，已经无法正常通行。更重要的理由是，去年在这里曾经发生过山友堕包事件（幸好掉下去的是包而不是人！）。下面插播一段“广告”，是我的队友也是狼c队伍里的二位美女之一关于这次狼c穿越的文字：狼c，走还是不走，是个问作者：eleven “狼C”——走还是不走，是个问（上篇）　　（首先申明，这不是一篇游记、指南或攻略，这只是两个月后个人“徒后感”，如果记忆发生偏差，关于路途记述有差错之处，纯属“必然”，请各位大虾纠偏。虽然我在这段时间也梦回了几回，可是每次梦回都无端的生出些故事情节来，并且不知道该将这些情节安在哪里！）　　　　酒的好喝正在于他的难喝。　　 ——《伤城》　　　　走完这条线路后，偶而会和周围不曾徒过但却不断对徒步这事向往之的个别朋友聊关于“徒步”这档事，当我假模假势地说起这事时，内心的真实想法是：呸，就这破事儿有什么可聊的，没有开始徒却向往徒的家伙们总是想把这事提高到一个高度，俗称“升华”，无论是从哲学意义还是精神境界（如同当初的我，居然可以用“当初”，羞愧难当。如果非要提高高度，那就是头的那句了），其实呢，去他的，不过走走路而已，结局就是所有的关节不太灵光，象我这样的，居然还能整出“习惯性呕吐”这样的问来。所以劝你，别走！（这态度象极了小牛童鞋打电话让我选择“狼C”去还是不去时的态度。）。　　大概9月中上旬时，小牛打电话说“刚刚好”他们准备走“狼C”，问我去否，我犹犹豫豫地不做选择，话里的意思大致是要小牛帮我做个决定，如果他觉的我能走，我就走，如果他觉的我不能，我再考虑考虑（意思是他如果愿意在路上帮我，就走，如果不帮就不走，阴险。），可是他就甩下一句话：“自己都觉的不行，那还走个屁呀，退坑！”，经过几个晚上的挣扎，我还是决定去，即使做出决定时还是两腿发抖。这期间时不时朋友打来电话说天气预报说那几天变天，或者去户外店买东西也被店主一番规劝，“鲜橙多”在电话里大小道理又统统讲了一遍，然后参加两次碰头会，石头还是如此的坚定，打电话给背包问：猜猜看还有谁，背包答：大脚（多谢背包赐名）。对于我来说也许不该放弃此次机会。参会的人如此激动、兴奋，以致于从“征途户外”出来，坐在下行的电梯里，大家只顾着讲话，完全没有注意到电梯压根就没动，没有人按1楼楼层。走此线的家伙，脑子统统有问。在回家的路上，“树”给我做了最后一次思想工作：既然决定去，其他的事情一概不想，只要计划上路就好。　　于是9月30日凌晨，背上背包，冲向集合点，讲出的话轻松，可是心里还是没底。人陆续来齐，17座的车被“刚刚好”安排的刚刚好能塞下14头脑残患者及14坨大包，土狼童鞋坐地上，可坐可躺。　　 “刚刚好”当然坐在前，带路，于是在这条正儿八经的宽宽的公路上带错了进呼图壁县的路，这还没进山就错了，进山怎么办？（事实证明，这条对于刚刚好来讲梦回八百遍的“狼C”线，几乎比从他家到“征途户外”的路还清楚）。 “大自在”在自己店门前大摆早宴席，奶茶、包子款待这14头牲口。　　（7天后，从山里了来，我深深理解大自在为何如此激动，快要拥抱我们中的每一个人了，那场景再回忆起来，颇有“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复返”的感觉，当然，咱不“复返”，咱直接就去巴仑台了）。　　吃好喝好，拎着“鸡蛋饼”真正上路，非常顺利，路修的很好，以致于我们可以少走十几公里的路。到达起始点，下车，整理背包，放鞭炮，与司机师傅告别，约定大概出山的时间，然后，跨出第一步。　　从开始，我就有点吃不消了，上上下下在树林里穿行，没有停歇，好容易熬到午饭点，鸡蛋饼瞬间就没了。当然午饭点对于“疯子”来讲完全没选好———在河边（可是谁饭点不选在河边呢？），“疯子”象“精卫”一般，目就是要把河填了，并且不论什么河，于是在我们用午餐时，“疯子”正奋力搬着一块块的大石头扔向河里，待快吃好时，疯子停手了，开始用餐（难道为了餐前消化？）。继续前行，仅仅是这一天的路，我已经在某些地段手脚并用了，回头还不晚，并且飞跃已经在怂恿了，可是谁甘心呢？ “飞跃”领队之领队，捣乱军心，拉出去砍了（阿弥陀佛）。路走的没有尽头，这一天却快到了尽头，天色渐渐暗了下来，我和飞跃走在最后，前方的人马可能已陆续到达营地，可是我还没看到营地在哪儿，有点急可还是得听领队之领队的教化：走十分钟，飞跃同志说，歇会儿，咱吃个黄瓜；再走十分钟，飞跃同志说，歇会儿，我抽根烟，再走十分钟，飞跃同志说，歇会儿，要不咱吃个西红柿（其实有在野外，想想这待遇，相当不错）？如此停停走走之后，我终于在这条马道看到了尽头，前方已有星星点点的亮光，快到营地了，可飞跃老先生还是停停走走，最后，道出真言：反正快到营地了，咱就慢点走，等到了营地，帐篷也搭起来了，饭也做得了，咱到了，吃了就睡！这理儿不错，可还是得看情况。到了营地，我这边确实帐篷和饭都好了，等我安心吃饭时，营地响起的是飞跃的吼声：菜豆，在哪儿呢，这到营地半天，怎么连帐篷还没扎？阴谋未得逞的人，通常都有点躁，可以理解。　　（这天我们遇到了上海队7人，两名向导，5名队员，队伍至此扩大为21人。）　　 7点多起床，9点出发，我们还没吃饭，至尊宝与无怨无悔已收拾好背包，随时准备出发。　　十月一日，我们要翻过白杨沟达阪，据刚刚好说，白杨沟达阪让很多人知难而返，事实证明这是很有道理的。走了一上午，不断上升，逐渐已看不到树木，我们在石子山上由开始的逛奔到晃荡，然而始终未见达阪真面貌，达阪究竟在哪儿，在我已不怎么想要知道答案时，看到了走在最前面的“背包客”“石头”“树”等一伙人在休息（这伙人休息就是重要信息），或许要到了。到达午休点，吃过后，对于神秘白杨沟达阪的描述是，走过N个前方能看到的大大大山坡，他们将这称为“台阶”，然后就能到白杨沟达阪的脚下了。开始上台阶吧，“飞翔”走在我前面，无声无息，可是这N个台阶，累的人牛喘，于是，飞翔终于只是念叨着四个字“这群牲口，这群牲口……”我们还在台阶挣扎时，估计那几头壮牲口已经到达了白杨沟达阪的半山腰了，以致我终于走完台阶到达达阪脚下时，隐约能看到几个在晃动的小点儿。抬头望向顶峰，只有一个感觉，我，永远也到不了那儿了！再也不看顶峰，只看脚下的山路，一步步往上挪，3860M的达阪终归能到，不过时间问。这天海拔上升1000多米，这一路就是三菱电梯—上上下下的感觉！上一千多米下一千多米。下山对于飞跃简直就是—无法形容，反正在我看来，脚没沾地，瞬间就没了影。倒是至尊宝在我前方演绎下山的优美动作，形　容梅兰芳　先生有“移步不换形”，至尊宝这下山姿势，手杖使用的灵活度，太过于优美，脚随手杖而变，变的快而稳，大家都这么走，可有些人就残疾了，比如小牛童鞋。有至尊宝在前方带路，恰恰好，在天刚擦黑，到达营地，马鞍形营地，打水很不方便，下山还有很远一段路。帐篷还没扎稳，山大爷就变脸了，疾风骤雨，瞬间就到！迅速地将炉头等转至帐篷内，慌着给帐篷拉风绳，大概这个时候，土狼正在山下打水。差不多待土先生回来没多久，风雨就止了，月朗星稀，空气新鲜。　　（这夜无语，没洗早睡吧！过了白杨沟达阪，彻底就成了开弓没有回头箭，无法返回。黄舒俊的歌里唱：马不停蹄的忧伤，我不是归人，只是过客。我们马不停蹄的赶路，来不及忧伤，我们不是归人，谁把家安这呀，一年归个三四回，非疯即傻；不是过客，谁没事干跑这当过客，找残废！）　　还是七点左右，土狼又吹起床号了，出了帐篷，依然看到的是无怨无悔和至尊宝这对儿，收拾停当，候着！　　九点，开始今天的行程。今天，栈道。走过今天，狼C就完成了90%以上（刚刚好语）。对于我，恶梦正在摩拳擦掌正悄悄向我走来。　　早晨的路，还好！除了土狼和小牛童鞋为了给今天平静的早上增加点气氛，而至使土狼伤了自己狼爪子，小牛童鞋扯破了裤子外，还是很顺利。延河而行，可以上山可以下河，自由选择，只为了传说中的栈道。走这一程，甚至来不及感觉到累，心里只有庆幸，今天天晴，如果有雨，不敢想象，一路向上，上不好走，下行更难。陡、滑、窄，每一步的迈出，都极其小心，土狼说，腿抖，不是累，是吓的！不夸张。这一程完毕，“高疯子”在全体人员注目下洗了澡，裸体！（未完待续）　　各位同学明天要出去爬山暂时休息两天请耐心等待~~~~~{4_129} 这里是空中栈道的一个“老虎口”。大家格外小心地迂回，在45度的陡坡上，长满荆棘和灌木，需要手脚并用攀爬近40米的高度才可以绕过这个“老虎口”。当然，这里面不包括一个人，这人大家都叫它“疯子”，它是较晚到达这个老虎口的，只见他在大家的劝阻和惊呼声中，背着30公斤的大包，“一溜黄烟”跑步穿过“老虎口”。他就是“疯子”----“飞跃”！我还急急忙忙将我的尼康d60对准了他，不怀好意地要给他拍“最后一跃”呢.......可真够玩命的！今年河水较小，如果是6--8月路过这里，仅是峡谷里震耳欲聋的河水声，就能使人心有余悸下午4：00点，到达一小瀑布群河段，河水咆哮着冲下河谷，震耳欲聋，水雾弥漫折射出一道道细细的彩虹。这亦真亦幻的美景，使人久久不愿离去。接下来，经过短暂的休整之后，开始爬越最长、最累的那段空中栈道。这一次我们在栈道上，连续攀爬了近三个小时。栈道蜿蜒曲折、波浪前进。部分栈道，宽不足半米，头顶和侧壁还在不停地往外渗水。加上四十度以上的陡坡，更是湿滑难行。而在栈道的另一侧，则是几十米高的悬崖峭壁和滔滔的台普希克玛河。在这段栈道上行走，每迈出一步，都需要格外地小心翼翼。任何一个小小的失误，都有可能带来难以预料的后果。在这段栈道上，我们还看到了一只因失蹄而摔下栈道的北山羊。（野山羊，国家二级保护动物）这是一只非常健壮的成年母羊，羊龄十三岁（可以用数羊角上的节数的方法，来判断其年龄，一节代表一岁），体重在一百五十公斤以上，比家养山羊的两倍还要多。尸体还没有开始腐烂，应该是近一周之内才摔下来的。这段栈道，除了极端地惊险刺激以外，还有海拔的反复上升、下降，体力消耗极大！严重地考验着队友们的胆识，磨砺着队友们的意志。还是看照片吧。由于要注意自身的安全，这一段的照片只能反映这段栈道的局部，当然，这已经非常不容易了小心翼翼的切过这段山体滑坡，前面的沟谷豁然开朗，这可怕的空中栈道就算是走完了。前面300米就是我们今天的今天的营地了也就是在这段栈道上，部分队友由于有恐高而选择逆河连续淌水而上，我们称之为“鱼路”。我们把栈道称之为“天路”。两队中共有七名队友选择了走“鱼路”。我队中有“牛牛”、“eleven”、“高疯子”、“小曹”四人参加了“鱼队“。当然，这中间也包几名括并无恐高症，但特别擅长走“鱼路”的队友，比如“高疯子”和“小曹”。传两张队友拍的”鱼路“的照片下午7：00点，走“天路”的队友终于走出那漫长的栈道，陆陆续续到达了营地。半个小时后，七名走“鱼路”的队友才拖着已经湿透了的下半身，疲惫不堪地来到营地。他们中的大多数已经被冰冷的河水冻的嘴唇发紫、身体瑟瑟发抖。个别队友有轻度失温征兆。特别是“eleven”，冰冷的河水的连续浸泡，已经使我们的美女的体力严重透支。一到营地，赶紧支起帐篷，换去已经湿透的鞋袜和衣服。 “背包者”烧好的一大锅姜红糖水瞬间就被一抢而光。看看这张照片，狼塔已经离我们近在咫尺了事实证明，“天路”要比“鱼路”好走，即节省体力也节省时间。至此，可以说我们这次狼塔C线穿越的三分之二的难、险路段已经过来了，谢天！谢地！！谢人！！！谢天：感谢上苍给了我们难得的三个好天气！谢地：总是有惊无险，遇难成祥！谢人：感谢我们的团队，团队的协作和互助才是我们这次狼C之行成功的关键。今天累计上升约800米（估计），下降800米（估计），行走距离约15公里，用时10个小时。惊险、刺激、体力消耗很大。未完待续请看下集：之四--- 我们和狼群有个约会 91# sue5343 (*^__^*) 嘻嘻……我努力吧 O(∩_∩)O谢谢 D4日：10月3日，又一个大好的晴天。进入狼塔核心区域-----我们和狼群有个约会 7：00点刚过，我就起床了。因为昨天到达营地时我看到狼塔离我们已经很近了（约10公里），它那酷似尖塔的山型，在群山中高高耸起，非常醒目，俊秀。早起，是为了拍一张狼塔日出的照片----狼塔金顶。虽然，我的机器和技术都很一般，但也算没有白起个大早，总算拍了几张，个人感觉运气还不错，我走过两次博格达峰穿越，每次都是云遮雾罩的，什么也没有拍到，这次可算是幸运多了。早9：30分拔营，沿着一个很不起眼的小河口（沟口有一颗挂满红色小果的树，这可是狼c路上最重要的地之一），逆河而上。开始翻越海拔3555米的库勒阿特藤大坂。相对高差1000米。大阪顶最后的300米陡峭难行、是坡度在60度左右的流沙坡，厚厚的积雪还覆盖住了上大阪的马道，爬升难度较大。除此之外，其他上达坂的路段还是比较平缓易行的。([]

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走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目录前言一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会世博会的举办与规划十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。　　维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。　　维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]

八戒二十一菠萝蜜

李正元

在祖国大陆之外，有一个我们打小称之为宝岛的地方，80后的我们对于日月潭、阿里山耳熟能详，但却从未有机会不受限制的前往一睹其风采。2011年，两岸自由行开放，大陆游客终于可以通过办理申请，不受团队限制地踏上台湾这片热土。自由行开放后的第三个年头，我也终于按耐不住，经过一番准备，开始了台湾之行；时间：2014.04.11--2014.0426地点：宝岛台湾方式：逆时针环岛骑行（大圈）起点：台北桃园中正机场终点：台北桃园中正机场全程：13个骑行日，1300公里台湾海岸线花费：5000元台湾简介：台湾是个呈南北狭长型的海岛，面积约3.6万平方千米，仅占全国的0.38%，却有2300多万人口，高山、丘陵、平原、盆地、岛屿、纵谷与海岸等景观丰富，北回归线恰好从中通过，使台湾同时拥有热带、亚热带、温带等各种自然生态。全省包括台湾岛及兰屿、绿岛、钓鱼岛等21个附属岛屿和澎湖列岛64个岛屿，其中台湾岛海岸线长达1600多千米，这是本次环岛骑行的主战线。1895年，台湾被日本窃据，1945年抗日战争胜利后重归中国版图。所以在如今的台湾，日据时期的建筑、痕迹、管理随处可寻，后面文中我会写到；台湾环岛骑行，一次喂饱眼睛和肚子，更喂饱心灵的旅行；台湾环岛骑行，我将向你展示台湾无敌的海景，更将告诉你，为什么每个去过的人，都会爱上那里；欢迎添加我的联系方式及个人公众号，义务提供入台、环台骑行、摄影咨询；微信：373311053微博：艾欧_里亚微信公众号：格桑花旅行入台之前，有两个比较大的问需要解决，这也是很多来台背包或者骑行的朋友比较关心的两个问，这里我大概写一下相关的办理流程。第一个问，入台证件的办理；1、你的户籍地需要是已经开放台湾自由行的城市，如北京、天津、上海等，详细的开放城市可以百度搜索一下，不是自由行开放的城市，暂时不能参与台湾自由行，需跟团前往；2、如果你符合上面的要求，那么可以着手办理“两证一”，即台湾通行证，注和入台证。台湾通行证即你在台湾的护照，和注一同在你所在城市的出入境管理处办理（注意，办理这个证件大概需要10个工作日左右）；你拿到通行证之后，就可以着手办理入台证和预定飞机票了；入台证在淘宝上即可办理，大概200块左右，一般3到15个工作日可以办理下来。第二个问，自行车如何入台；1、直接飞机托运，一般山地车都在20公斤内，加上一些修车工具和配件，基本正好可以卡在20公斤，把握的好是不用额外花钱托运的；直接走超大行李道，车子简单拆卸后放入装车包即可；2、轮渡入台，优点是不用拆车，缺点是时间不好把握；福建平潭的澳前码头乘坐海峡号，目的地为台湾的台中港或台北港（两个班次，一、三、六发台北港，二、四、五、日发台中港，途中时间分别为台中两个半小时，台北三个小时）；3、在台直接租车，3日起租600至800新台币，以后每加一日多加100至200台币。虽然程序上蛮复杂，但相比较后程的体验，个人认为还是超值的。解决掉这两个问，你基本就可以安心等着入台开始旅行了。我的入台证件我是从北京出发，直飞往返大概3000，转机大概2300，我选择后者；自行车需要打包成这个样子开可以在机场托运哦。照片为A大爷和我；装备一览：睡袋、Mann Zug 楚格三防手机、手车工具、队旗;特别要提一下MANN 猎鹰三防手机这是第二次长途骑行携带这款手机了，依然是非常结实，不怕淋雨，不怕摔，导航给力！淘宝链接：https//item.taobao.com/item.htm?spm=a230r.1.14.2.75pdqo&id=42228610829&ns=1&;abbucket=18&sku=网上搜到一个关于MANN的搞笑视频，这外卖够狠的：https//v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTQwMDQ2NTYw.html相机、身份证件本次骑行用车，新加坡Aleoca，全程无问，甚至连车胎也没爆过一次。需要在厦门高崎机场转机，我们半夜到达，需要在这里熬到凌晨再搭乘飞机入台；图为夜幕下的高崎机场。高崎机场附近有免费的WIFI，晚上机场要关闭，所以只能在外面凑合过夜；A大爷今年40岁，老顽童一个，最大的爱好就是到处徒步爬山，旅行世界，曾经环过青海湖，为人心态非常的好，色狼一个，心地善良，哈哈。 D1（4-12），60km，桃园机场~新竹市（桃园机场→竹园→观音乡→新屋→湖口→竹北→新竹市）终于熬到天亮，这么多问都解决了，台湾还远吗？眼巴巴盯着大屏幕起飞12日上午10点半到达桃园机场，入境检查，换台币，换台湾电话卡，调车，忙到十二点，结果被告知机场必须搭乘免费巡回巴士出门，否则重罚。短短一个小时时间，已经与台湾警察，大哥大店MM，机场服务员打过招呼，初步印象，接触的每个台湾人都在履行着自己的工作职业，热情，亲和力强。出了这里，台湾自由行即刻开始；兑换台币，就在出机场的大厅里，很显眼，大概1比4.7的样子；最大面值1000一张；机场出口附近有免费领取的台湾旅游图，台湾地图台湾大哥大，15日吃到饱套餐，不限流量3G上网，台湾的3G速度非常快，可两三人共用一张卡，用WIFI 热点连接上网即可。简单个手续即可以开卡上网打电话出了机场大楼，A大爷和我兴冲冲地开始装车：将车包拆开，各种零件摆在地上，装前轮、安车座、调脚踏...二人齐心协力花了一个小时，待完成全部装车工作，收拾好凌乱的场地时，已是满头大汗。在这期间，有数位台湾民众上前来询问是否需要帮忙。似乎一切办理妥当，正当我两跃跃欲试准备骑车出发时，一位路过的机场工作人员提醒我们，桃园机场不可以骑脚踏车进出，如果被抓到会被重罚的哦，如果想出机场到达可以骑车的地方，需要先乘坐机场内的免费巡回巴士。她看了看我们装好的单车，不确定的说，但是不知道你们的车和行李是否能上这个巴士，保险起见，你们还是全拆了，打成包乘坐。我两当时傻了眼，如此这番的话，又要花费我们两个小时。机场附近此时天气炎热，我们心生焦急，脑门直冒汗。抱着侥幸能登上巡回巴士的心理，我们又找到一位机场的安保人员求帮忙。他是一位反恐特警，但是没有一点警察的架子，非常热心的陪我们前往巡回巴士车站，到了车站后告诉我们要如何跟巴士司机解释，要坐到哪一站才可以开始骑行。十五分钟后，巡回巴士进站停车，我和前面的司机讲了我们的情况，得到了非常有亲和力的回复：从后门将脚踏车搬上来就好，不要着急，我可以等你们。巴士上乘客不多，有数的几个人知道我们是从大陆来环台，也对我两报以钦佩的目光。来台刚刚不到两小时，心生感动良多次。在这里开始装车车辆安装完毕，以为一切搞定巡回巴士站台桃园机场出机场区域没有给脚踏车骑行的车道，切记！自行车直接上巴士，在大陆从未有过的待遇巴士车出机场，到达有自行车道的车站，别过巴士司机，环岛之旅这才正式开始。加油，A大爷！初到台湾，一切似乎都很新鲜：马上路稀少的车辆、路边随处可见的槟榔西施和711便利超商、机车（摩托车）和自行车的数量多于汽车、不时路过会看到大片在路边的墓地等等。这是刚刚开始的新奇的旅行，这一路会遇到什么人和事，体验何种民族风俗，太值得首次来台的我们期待。普及一些台湾的小常识：快速路，即大陆这边的高速路，没有任何收费站，也看不到交警，所以如果你选择错误，会骑上高速。。。机车，即摩托车；铁马，也叫脚踏车，即自行车；牵车，即推车；不会，即谢谢的意思；网咖，就是网吧；简讯，我们的手机短信；冰店，冷饮店台湾有很多有名的冰店，如建华冰店。机场附近有一家超丽冰店，老板原是福建人，在台三十几年；天气炎热，来份1000CC的黄桃汁，蛮爽。槟榔西施的铺子，后面我会写路上见过的那些西施们；台湾的土地归民众所有，他们有自由买卖土地的权力; 当然，也就有在随意在自己的土地上盖建筑物的权力；图为台61号线路边的墓地；路上遇到一对父子，父亲在前面一直骑，头也不回，儿子紧紧的跟着。脚踏车运动在台湾非常的普及，桃园、新竹等县区甚至有专门的脚踏车专用高架，供民众沿海骑行使用。便利超商即我们这边的超市。在台的那些日子，可能接触最多的地点，就是台湾的便利超商。在台湾，711、全家、OK等超商随处可见，即便是在偏远的山区、村镇，也可以很容易的找到便利超商的身影。拿711为例，在台几乎是万能的，你可以在711购物，可以取现还款，可以充话费，可以邮寄包裹，甚至可以睡觉、洗漱。在台的这半个月，我们的中饭基本是在711解决的。台湾一些商品的物价我一次换了20000新台币；台湾这个时候也蛮热，一般吃过中饭，为了躲避太阳，防止骑行中暑，我们会在超商店里休息一两个小时；街头的自助洗衣店，大概50新台币左右洗一桶衣服，40分钟左右即可取出。明晃晃的天空，酷热中骑行，好在一切都充满新鲜感；不要与天抗争，气温高就多休息，保持状态和体力，等傍晚气温降下来，再加把劲是上策；我的Aleoca 单车台湾西线的自然风景较东线要略逊一些，但就环境来说，依然干净整齐。A大爷忍不住停下拍照太阳斜下，气温渐渐降低，这一天中骑行速度的高峰随之到来下午5点左右，骑行至桃园新屋乡笨港村，远远看到一座巨大的铜像矗立在路边的一座村庄内，便驱车前往一探究竟。原来，这是新屋乡的圣母娘娘庙，旁边这座铜像高30.5米，重100吨，遥望着永安海港，手持宝瓶、法相庄严，矗立天后宫旁，是新屋乡的新地。台湾妈祖信仰妈祖是以中国大陆东南沿海为中心、包括东亚（琉球、日本、韩国及东南亚）海洋地区的海神信仰，又称天上圣母、天后、天后娘娘、湄洲娘妈等。台湾早期汉人移民多自中国大陆福建闽南地区渡海而来，台湾又四面环海，海上活动频繁，因此海神妈祖成为台湾人最普遍信仰的神明之一。无论是大小街庄、山海聚落，还是通都大邑，都可看到妈祖庙。据说，仅台湾一地就有妈祖庙510座。妈祖信仰传到台湾以后，逐渐发展出属于自己的特色。有学者认为妈祖已发展出与中国妈祖不同的特性：“‘妈祖’在中国福建的南方原是‘出海妈祖’，仅是渔民的守护神。然而，在台湾的妈祖已成‘过海妈祖’，她在历史上已成离开中国的移民祈求平安到台湾的过海守护神。目前台湾奉祀妈祖创建庙的大致可分为三大派：一是军派或称水师派，主要是以跟随明郑成功光复台湾子弟兵后代为主；二是官派又名仕绅派，多为清康熙施琅提督攻台统治的官员后代为主；三是民间派－多为海员、渔民、工商界人士和迁移居百姓为最多。每年农历三月二十三日是妈祖的诞辰。在这一天，各地的妈祖庙都会张灯结彩、演戏并伴随盛大的绕境祭礼行列，非常热闹。夜幕降临，A大爷和我在一家路边小馆简单吃了点饭菜，继续骑行到达新竹市区。几经打听后前往新竹渔港，找了一块离公共卫生间近的地方搭帐篷露营。这一天的骑行距离不长，权作是首日适应热身。台湾首日，迎来夜幕青菜里也放海产品面里也有，还真不适应；一顿饭二人大概花费260新台币，约合人民币60块钱；每到一个村镇，都可以见到类似这样的庙宇宫殿；A大爷骑行穿过一处隧道当晚我们的营地； D2（4-13），124km，新竹市~鹿港小镇（南寮渔港→竹南→后龙→通宵→清水→龙井区→鹿港小镇）假如你先生来自鹿港小镇　　请问你是否看见我的爹娘　　我家就住在妈祖庙的后面　　卖着香火的那家小杂货店　　假如你先生来自鹿港小镇　　请问你是否看见我的爱人　　想当年我离家时她一十八　　有一颗善良的心和一卷长发没错，这首脍炙人口的歌曲从小听到大。我一直梦想过，要去真正的鹿港小镇。3今天，我的目的地就是，鹿港小镇。图为鹿港小镇，妈祖庙。妈祖庙的后面长啥样，后面发图。本次环台骑行共露营6天，平均每两天露营一次。露营地点一般安排在当地特色或景色别致的地方，如台湾的国小、国中、渔港、公园等。台湾有非常好的户外运动环境，可以露营的地点选择非常多，尤其是在西线海边，常常有专门设立好的帐篷露营区。昨日营地，A大爷正在收帐篷；营地离海边很近，附近有块大草坪，早上有看到蛮多晨跑的人；附近厕所边有棵大榕树，估摸有上千岁；台湾的厕所厕所在台湾被称为化妆室，大都非常干净整洁，内部设施人性化。像下图这个化妆室，就在我们的营地附近，还设有专门的育婴室，为带宝宝的妈妈们提供方便。在男化妆室中，厕坑还分坐式和蹲式两种。这边的房子看着都是这个风格，早餐和午餐一般在711解决；台湾西线，晴天时一直是这个颜色，明晃晃的感觉，很热，空**呛芡ㄍ专用自行车车道不到台湾，身在大陆的我们想不到自行车运动在台湾有多么的普及和受重视。从行车用的专用车道来说，几乎每个台湾的县市都有开辟，自行车道和机动车道完全的分离，在重要的城市，甚至有专门为自行车骑行建设的过街天桥、小高架桥。新竹至竹南这段骑行路，专用自行车道更是穿越海岸边的丛林，一直向台南延伸。新竹附近的专用自行车道这种骑行环境和安全程度，宅人怕是也会坐不住放心大胆向前骑，不会有机动车打扰你享受运动时光；据说在台湾，机动车上自行车专用道，要被重罚！还是那句话，最好的人生，在路上；([]

秘密入口—专属宅男

刘育紫

从尼泊尔回来转眼已经好几个月了，看着去尼泊尔徒步带回来的几十个G的照片，头都是大的，要知道整理照片和写日志对于我来说是一个漫长而痛苦的过程。现先将攀登ISLAND PEAK（岛峰）的照片发上来和朋友们一起分享，让大家和我一起分享那段空气稀薄的难忘时光。登山是我刚开始户外就喜欢上的一项运动，记得刚刚开始痴迷登山的那年，我接连攀登了四姑娘山的二峰（5276米）、哈巴雪山（5396米），又去西藏攀登了6206米的启孜峰。本来计划接着去冲击7206米的宁金抗沙峰，由于种种原因未能如愿。 2010年国内接着发生了好几起登山的山难事故，电视媒体的报道让家人知道了登雪山原来是那么的危险，极力反对我再去登山。我自己也意识到随着海拔的升高确实会有很多自己无法掌控的危险因素。纠结了好长一段时间，还是决定放弃这项我非常喜欢的运动。尼泊尔昆布冰河地区有三座入门级雪峰：MERA PEAK [6476米]、IMJA TSE（ISLAND PEAK）[6189米]、LOBUCHE EAST [6119米]。ISLAND PEAK（岛峰），当地名称：IMJA TSE，是一座位于尼泊尔昆布冰河地区的山峰，海拔6189米。其四周由三条巨大的冰河环绕，远远望去犹如一座孤悬在冰河海中的一座岛屿，故名“岛峰”。虽然不是太高，但是每年都会吸引着很多来自世界各地的登山爱好者。这次去尼泊尔徒步ABC和EBC并计划登ISLAND PEAK（岛峰），是因为两年前在网上看到网友在尼泊尔徒步EBC攀登ISLAND PEAK（岛峰）的图片，心想以后再去尼泊尔EBC徒步的时候，如果能顺便攀登这个雪山，那整个行程就非常完美了。 ABC徒步顺利完成，在送走一起徒步ABC的队友后，我就一直在加德满都等候，希望能找到一起去徒步EBC并且也想去登岛峰的朋友。在加德满都等了几天，终于碰上了刚刚从肯尼亚登山回来的沈阳小伙子小赵，他也正在想去登岛峰，于是和小赵一起结伴同行。去EBC徒步的人基本上都是逆时针走。我们为了能很好的适应高海拔，顺利登上ISLAND PEAK（岛峰），决定把登ISLAND PEAK（岛峰）放在了整个行程的后半部分。也就是按顺时针走。经过顺时针连续跨越SAGARMATHA NATIONAL PARK地区的四条沟，翻越了四个五千米的垭口（RENJO PASS5 360米、CHO LA PASS 5368米、LOBUCHE PASS 5110米、KongMA LA 5535米），三座五千多米的山峰（GOKYO RI 5357米、KALA PATTHAR 5550米、CHHUKHUNG RI 5550米）。于第十天终于来到了攀登ISLAND PEAK（岛峰）的聚集地CHHUKHUNG（4730米）。我们的登山证是在NAMCHE办理的，在CHHUKHUNG的客栈就租用了全套的登山装备（含上升器，下降器，主锁，高山靴，冰爪，安全带，帐篷等）。 ISLAND PEAK（岛峰）有两个登山大本营，BASE CAMP设在5080处，周边有水源，HIGH CAMP设在5600处，水源处较远，取水不是很方便。大部分队伍都选择将营地设在BASE CAMP。我们希望第二天上午登顶后能尽快直接返回到CHHUKHUNG，这样能少走些路，在和客栈老板商量后，决定将营地设在了两个营地之间的5400米处。客栈老板帮我们配备了一个夏尔巴高山向导，一个高山厨师，两个背夫。我们的夏尔巴高山向导桑巴，六次登顶珠峰，人非常好！在CHHUKHUNG一切准备就绪，等待第二天的出发~ 第一天路线：CHHUKHUNG（海拔4730米）－BASE CAMP（海拔5080米）－自建营地（海拔5400米从CHHUKHUNG（4730米）客栈出发右边的房子就是CHHUKHUNG（4730米）一路都是缓上坡从CHHUKHUNG出来有一对德国夫妇和我们一起，也是去登ISLAND PEAK的，营地也是准备建在5400。路上遇到登山下撤的牦牛运输队左边这个山峰就是ISLAND PEAK海拔6189米，在这看感觉不是很高右边是我们要登的海拔6160米的ISLAND PEAK（岛峰），地图上识高度为6189米左边高大的山峰就是著名的世界第四高峰海拔8516米的LHOTSE（洛子峰）路边的一个登山营地走了两个半小时来到了设在5080处的BASE CAMPBASE CAMP有很多的帐篷，很多登山者都在这里休息，准备第二天的冲顶这里有很多的高山雪鸡，与人和谐相处。敬佩尼泊尔人的保护意识！在BASE CAMP等了一个多小时那对德国朋友才上来，他们高反有些严重，决定留在BASE CAMP休息，第二天再上。我们就按计划继续上到5400米的营地([]

麻豆TV入口青苹果

郑惠颖

鹰飞鹞落九秋天今早三时，一下火车，凛冽的寒风砭人肌骨，把我硬生生从大别山斑斓的秋色拉回了徐州的初冬。呵呵，季节轮回的脚步真快！现在慢慢回味着这次穿越，把旅途的记忆，点点滴滴，拿出来和大家一起分享。攻略我写不好，怕误人行程，简单说说我们这次的线路。 2009.10.29 晚8点四省驴友14人合肥集中，然后坐20：25的动车至六安与湖北的驴友磊子汇合，包车至大别山腹地的堆谷山村。美美的睡上一觉，第二天好有体力爬山。 10.30 穿越龙井河一号线，赏龙井瀑、龙王樽瀑、鲤鱼跳龙门瀑，越鬼门关，下至马家河12队，宿向导老金家。 10.31 翻越川岭至包家，包车至鹞落坪，参观红28军军政旧址、登小岐岭、游楚长城，至湖北英山界返回，扎营腐败，万圣节狂欢。 11.1 由鹞落坪穿越十里画廊、过美丽村至包家，包车返回六安，各自回程。这条线路是折翼飛翔精选的赏秋线路，登山徒步、观瀑赏红叶、红色旅游、腐败自虐兼顾，有探路的性质，旅途衔接相当好。赞一个！这是我今年第三次来大别山了，每次的大别山之行都会带给我不同的惊喜。喜欢堆谷山这个美丽的山村，淳朴善良的人们。添把柴哈哈！出发前的WeiMade！10月30日早9时进入龙井河峡谷龙井瀑连续干旱，瀑布比我上次来时小了很多。螳螂捕蝉([]

二零四八核基地噵航

李育源

Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]

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